This phenomenon appears to be more pronounced when financial development is high or anti-director rights are weak in Muslim majority countries. A review of 34,895 non-financial firms from 68 countries (12 Muslim majority countries and 56 other countries, which consist of 26 developing and 30 developed countries) from 1996 to 2011 reveals that cash holdings are lower in Muslim majority countries than in other countries, particularly developed countries. This study examines whether and how Islam has bearings on corporate liquidity (cash holdings). Additionally, Muslim countries register lower sexual violence than non-Muslim ones, while Latin American countries exhibit higher sexual violence than non-Latin American ones. An interesting finding of this work is that developed countries display a higher level of sexual violence than their developing counterparts, which is inconsistent with the perspective of the civilizing process on violence. The results of multiple regression analyses partially support backlash hypotheses, but not the amelioration hypothesis. Additionally, the current work utilizes a larger and updated international data set from The United Nations’ Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems. The current study advances Austin and Kim’s (International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 44, 204–221, 2000) work by employing more variables, such as absolute measures of female socioeconomic status and Muslim and Latin American regional indicators. Yusuf Ali).Īustin and Kim (International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 44, 204–221, 2000) tested the relationship between gender equality and rape victimization by employing an international data set. And remembrance of God is the greatest (thing in life) and God knows the (deeds) that ye do" (Koran 29:45, trans. (Keywords: religion, crime, development, Islam, Shari'a, Islamic law, Muslim attitudes.) "Recite what is sent of the Book by inspiration to thee, and establish Regular Prayer: for Prayer restrains from shameful and evil deeds.
Islamic beliefs and practice, therefore, are discussed as the main explanatory factor for the low crime rate in Islamic countries. It has given rise to a particular socio-cultural structure among Muslims, one of the impacts of which has been the low crime rate. Following a Weberian ap-proach, the article develops the argument that the content and structure of Islamic belief and practice is the dominant shared element among Islamic countries.
It also argues that the second explanation is a reductionist one. Providing some evidence, this article maintains that the first fac-tor fails to explain properly the difference in the crime rates of Islamic and non-Islamic countries at a similar level of development. This feature of Islamic countries is most often explained by two factors: a) the relatively low level of development, which has a positive effect on crime rates, and b) the strictness of Islamic penal law. International crime statistics indicate that in Islamic countries crime rates are lower than in other countries.
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